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An important literature emphasizes that finance grew rapidly after WWII relative to the full economy and the services sector, but these are poor benchmarks because they mask a broad structural shift from low- to high-skill services. We show that i) finance is among the most skill-intensive service industries, ii) the evolution of the finance income share closely tracks other high-skill service industries, and iii) finance grew much slower than the rest of high-skill services in the post-WWII period. The rise of modern finance is not as remarkable as prior research suggests, providing context for debates about the size of finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conditions of globalization and development of information technologies, the competition of enterprises on national and international scales is significantly aggravated, which determines the importance of ensuring competitive advantages for any enterprise through innovation. In modern conditions, the effectiveness of innovation activity of the enterprise and, accordingly, its competitiveness depends primarily on the completeness and reliability of business information about the activities of counterparties and the conditions of the external environment. The value of informing about possible changes in the business environment has a manifestation through the prevention of tactical and strategic errors of enterprise management. Innovative development is the basis of competitiveness of modern economies, which provides the possibility of accelerated growth at macro- and micro-levels on the basis of creation and strengthening of intellectual potential in the global business environment. Despite the presence of significant conditions for qualitative changes on an innovative basis, the Russian Federation continues to be in a complex highly turbulent period of unstable growth. Therefore, the task of domestic economic science is to find mechanisms for the implementation of modern management of innovative development in the practice of enterprises in the Russian Federation, systematizing and developing its methodology. This requires an in-depth scientific study in the direction of searching for conceptual foundations for the activation of innovative development of enterprises to make a technological leap in the Russian Federation, in particular, on the basis of attracting breakthrough innovations, modern concepts of knowledge management, formation of relevant business models, management of high added value processes and the use of information and communication technologies in the digital space.

This research aims to examine the effects of the development in the higher education and financial sector on economic growth in the case of North Cyprus. Findings of time series data show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between real income and its elements such as labor, capital, higher education, and financial growth. Results show that both capital and labor have a statistically significant effect on economic growth. Additionally, development in the financial sector is a significant contributor to economic growth, however, higher education shows evidence of greater contribution to economic growth in North Cyprus. It draws attention that the higher education sector has a greater impact on economic development than the financial sector. In this context, government authorities should support both the financial and higher education sectors in order to accelerate their contribution to economic development. Policymakers needed to concentrate more on the higher education sector in Northern Cyprus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the bilateral relations between Mexico and New Zealand, highlighting diplomatic insights provided by Mexico's ambassador to New Zealand, HE Alfredo Pérez Bravo. Topics discussed include the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties, collaboration in trade and economic sectors, and initiatives for cultural exchange and academic cooperation.

The recent passage of the Offshore Electricity Infrastructure Act (2021) (Cth) opened up the potential for Australia to produce renewable energy at unprecedented scale. Six regions have been identified as potential locations for developing offshore wind projects, promising thousands of new local jobs to legacy industrial regions. This paper charts the regulatory framework for Australia's offshore wind industry and how it positions local economic benefits in the licencing of projects. It then draws on interviews with key stakeholders supported by media and policy analysis to examine the early development of offshore wind capability in one of the proposed regions, the Illawarra, in NSW. Here existing steelmaking capacity positions the region to play a key role in supply chains for local and potentially national projects, but considerable structural and geographical constraints in the labour market will need to be addressed. In light of overseas experience indicating that economic benefits often fall short of promises, greater attention by policy makers is required to ensure hosting communities can develop local skills in the industry and facilitate their relative supply chain capabilities. This paper also calls for careful evaluation of early projects to allow for adjustments to policy settings as the industry matures domestically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is related to the need to activate innovation in the context of socio-economic and geopolitical challenges that the Russian economy faces. In the innovative economy, the labour costs and physical capital are reduced, and the share of intellectual capital in the first-cost of created products increases. There is a rapid growth in the productivity of production factors while their first-cost decreases. All this suggests that we need to study innovation processes in relation to the manufacturability level of production as a system characteristic that describes the type of a particular production. The authors present the structure of production types by the level of manufacturability and types of economic activity that form them. The specificity of the innovation activity of the industry is indicated according to the level of production manufacturability. The comparative characteristic of innovation activity of this phenomenon on various levels is also given.

The research aims to analyse the structural changes in Lithuanian economic sectors from 1995 to 2022. Structural changes in this research are understood as changes in gross value added by an economic sector during the period analysed. The greatest decreases in GDP happened in 1999, 2009, and 2020. During this period, economic crises in Lithuania were recorded practically every 10 years. The economic recession of 1999 is partly related to the Russian economic crisis. The negative growth in GDP in 2009 is related to the global financial crisis. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, Lithuania recorded zero GDP growth. The analysis of the period 1995-2022 reveals that the Lithuanian economy was constantly affected by short-term external turbulence but remained resistant to serious shocks. During these fluctuations, changes were formed in the structure of the economy. Some sectors of the economy expanded more, others - less. In 2004, compared to 1995, the share of agriculture in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 60 per cent. The share of financial intermediation decreased by 13.6 per cent, and other sectors decreased by almost 23 per cent. Between 1995 and 2004, the most intense structural changes were in agriculture, trade, and other sectors. In 2009, compared to 2004, the share of agriculture in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 39 per cent. The share of manufacturing decreased by 16.8 per cent, and construction decreased by almost 9.6 per cent. From 2004 to 2008, the fastest development of the construction sector was recorded, which is related to the active development of real estate. In 2004-2009, the most intense structural changes were in the agriculture, industry, and financial intermediary sectors. In 2019, compared to 2009, the share of industry in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 2 per cent, the financial sector decreased by 12 per cent, and other sectors decreased by 6 per cent. In 2009-2019, the most intense structural changes were in the agriculture, construction, and financial sectors. From 2019 to 2022, the most intense structural changes were in industry and financial sectors. In the ideal case, the positive result of structural changes is economic progress. During economic progress, there is an even and long-term development of all economic sectors. Because the structure of the economy is a complex mechanism, changes in it must not be too speedy and not chaotic. Only then could economic progress be the result of structural changes.

Financial policy is an important part of the general economic policy of the state, which seeks to achieve economic growth, reach the level of full employment, maintain price stability, achieve social justice and balance in the balance of payments. It is about securing alternative financial resources to support the general budget, so this research aims to identify the mechanisms of economic diversification because of their great importance in activating the activity of the industrial and agricultural economic sectors and even tourism to contribute to raising the level of gross domestic product as well as contributing to stimulating the private sector to play its required developmental role, not Only to finance the general budget, but rather to absorb unemployment, operate idle production capacities, and reduce dependence on imports to cover local needs for goods and services.

This perspective article delves into the critical role of hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier in the context of the ongoing global energy transition. Hydrogen, with its potential to decarbonize various sectors, has emerged as a key player in achieving decarbonization and energy sustainability goals. This article provides an overview of the current state of hydrogen technology, its production methods, and its applications across diverse industries. By exploring the challenges and opportunities associated with hydrogen integration, we aim to shed light on the pathways toward achieving a sustainable hydrogen economy. Additionally, the article underscores the need for collaborative efforts among policymakers, industries, and researchers to overcome existing hurdles and unlock the full potential of hydrogen in the transition to a low-carbon future. Through a balanced analysis of the present landscape and future prospects, this perspective article aims to contribute valuable insights to the discourse surrounding hydrogen's role in the global energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aimed to evaluate the potential for resilient performance in the face of crises and adversities for companies located in the city of Santa Maria - RS (Brazil). Design/methodology/approach: We adopted a quantitative approach. The research was carried out through five sequential steps: (i) construction and validation of the research instrument; (ii) definition of the sample size and sampling procedures; (iii) data collection; (iv) data analysis and interpretation of results; and (v) elaboration of recommendations. A research instrument containing 44 questions was built and distributed among potential respondents, obtaining 87 valid answers, which corresponds to a statistically representative sample for the parameters adopted. Findings: Our sample was divided into two subsets, representing the Industrial and Commerce sectors. Resilience assessment accounted for four dimensions: the ability to respond, to anticipate, to monitor, and to learn. Results for both sectors showed scores ranging from 3.4 to 3.7 (out of 5) in the four dimensions evaluated. This reveals both sectors have been developing practices that positively contribute to the improvement of resilience, although there are opportunities for improvement. Originality/value: This research sheds light on the resilience ability of the cases surveyed, enabling managers to take action to strengthen their organizations and overcome crises and adversities. Additionally, our findings demonstrate how resilience abilities can be assessed, considering the scope of an economic sector and a geographical area. This approach can be adopted by researchers, policymakers, and development agencies to assess the resilience abilities of firms within their sphere of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a network-analytical framework for the comparative study of national production structures in global production networks. Conceptualizing such structures as the linked networks of both domestic and foreign intermediate inputs, the latter constituting the characteristic feature of contemporary economic globalization, the proposed approach extracts a structural profile that captures the up- and downstream prominence of economic sectors for a particular country and year. These 'fingerprints' of national production structures can subsequently be compared on a pairwise basis, providing novel ways to determine and compare the structural similarities, transformations, and trajectories of national economies in the transnational production regime. Two shorter case studies exemplify the approach. The first applies clustering methods to explore spatiotemporal similarities of the production structures for 40 countries over the 1995–2011 period. Based on such similarities, an analytically useful classification into 11 structural types is proposed. The second study addresses structural transformations and trajectories during EU's eastern enlargement, finding significant structural change, yet minuscule East-West convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the dynamics of the concept of state-owned enterprises in Vietnam, which manifests the changes in ideological orientation relating to the role of the state sector and of the economic management system. Indeed, the economic reform (Doi moi policy) and the integration into the global economy have fostered the participation of the private sector in the economy through the process of state-owned enterprise equitization. The analysis of the concept of state-owned enterprises over time however argues that the change, which has been subject to both internal and external impulses over time, is not fundamental as the key element of socialist ideology, the public ownership of the means of production remains the guiding principle of Vietnam's economic development. In other words, the Vietnamese Government continues to its control over the national economy through the operation of state-owned enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical modelling of the magnitude and the frequency of extreme observations is fundamental for a variety of sciences. In this paper, we develop statistical methods of similarity‐based clustering for heteroscedastic extremes, which allow us to group time series of independent observations according to their extreme‐value index and scedasis function (i.e., the magnitude and frequency of extreme values, respectively). Clustering scedasis functions and extreme‐value indices involves the challenge of grouping objects composed of both a function (scedasis) and a scalar (extreme‐value index), and thus the need to partition a product‐space. Our analysis reveals an interesting mismatch between the magnitude and frequency of extreme losses on the London Stock Exchange and the corresponding economic sectors of the affected stocks. The analysis further suggests that the dynamics governing the comovement of extreme losses in the exchange contains information on the business cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating comprehensive toxicity footprints, encompassing potential impacts of toxic releases from consumption on human health and ecosystems, remains challenging due to the absence of complete emission inventories and disaggregation in global economic sectors. This study proposes an integrative approach to evaluate the global toxicity footprint by combining multiple databases, inventorying methods gap‐filling/extrapolation techniques, and environmentally extended multi‐region input–output models. We incorporated industrial, residential, and agricultural emissions of 693 chemicals into air, water, and soil, assessing the toxicity footprints of 49 countries and regions and revealing the displacement of toxic impacts across regions and nations. Our results emphasize the significant sensitivity of emission inventories and toxicity footprints to the choice of extrapolation procedures in regionalized chemical inventory development. Despite considerable progress in consolidating emission data, major gaps persist in publicly available datasets, impeding accurate extrapolation of global pollutant releases and comprehensive analysis of toxicity footprints. Primary data require refinement, harmonization, and expansion to enhance toxicity footprints' accuracy, particularly concerning pesticide emissions and national Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers initiatives. This study offers crucial insights for national and regional policymakers, facilitating the creation of targeted regulations and incentives to mitigate toxic substances' environmental impact. Future research should prioritize developing input–output table projections, deriving forward‐looking time series of national emission inventories, and establishing absolute thresholds for toxic impacts within the framework of environmentally sustainable societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usefulness of transportation project evaluation depends on the completeness of its benefit measures. Since transportation networks are intrinsically spatial, transportation improvement projects have spatial access and location characteristics that can lead to a variety of non-user economic benefits. Recent research has enabled us to better understand how spatial context and spatial heterogeneity play further roles in generating efficiency gains for non-users, in the form of productivity, income, and cost savings for both private and public sectors of the economy. This paper draws upon that body of research to expand our understanding of the means by which transportation projects can generate economic efficiency gains, and approaches needed to measure them. It covers topics beyond those captured by current definitions of "wider economic benefits," including additional sources of scale economies associated with freight distribution and connectivity, and further public and private sector economic gains enabled by environmental and social inclusion improvement. It points to ways that non-user economic benefits can be more comprehensively defined and better measured by recognizing their spatial scale, context, and threshold effects. It also identifies ways that current benefit measurement methods introduce unintended bias into transportation investment decision-making through omission and mismeasurement. The result is a case for a refresh of thinking about how we classify and recognize non-user economic benefits in transportation evaluation, and how we apply transportation planning and economic models to support their measurement. • Transport decisions biased when non-user benefits are ignored or mis-measured. • Non-user economic benefits depend on spatial access, proximity, or connectivity. • Spatial scale, context, and heterogeneity affect measurement of non-user benefit. • Benefits from freight density, virtual density, effective density, non-user cost. • Rigid travel modeling standards hold back non-user benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central European countries are strategic wood exporters in the European and international wood trade. In the context of wood exporters, Czechia, Germany, Poland, Slovenia, and Austria are the important countries providing the development and stability of the forestry and wood sector. The share of these countries' exports in total EU exports represents more than 52% of the volume of wood exported over 5 years. After the Netherlands, the five mentioned countries recorded the highest increase in roundwood production of all EU and EFTA countries in the years 2000–2022 (from 46% (AT)–126% (CZ)), and the European average is 26%. The last decade has been characterised by a significant destabilisation of the Central European timber market as a result of natural disturbances linked to climate change, which also threatens the long-term competitiveness and preservation of this sector in the economic systems of national economies. The article provides an analytical insight into the historical development of natural calamities and their macroeconomic consequences in Central European countries. The data forecast an unfavourable development of the timber market in Europe caused by the ongoing calamity situation, the pricing policy of the timber trade, the oversaturation of the market with lower-quality calamity timber, insufficient processing capacities for primary processing of wood and its use in secondary processing, and, last but not least, the limited stock of timber in the coming years in selected Central European countries (due to an extreme increase in harvesting plans within the last 5 years, with consequences that will be felt in the coming decade). For the continued economic function of forests and the availability of wood supply for future generations, the current evolution of calamities in forest ecosystems is critical, and long-term strategic measures based on empirical data are necessary. The information presented in this paper can serve as a tool for the objectification of strategic decisions in the development of forestry policies in selected countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor recreation is one of the fastest-growing economic sectors in the United States and is being used by communities to support economic development, social prosperity, and environmental protection. For communities that have whitewater rivers, whitewater recreation provides a powerful economic alternative to ailing extractive and manufacturing industries that have long dominated rural communities. In order to promulgate a whitewater recreation-based economy, stakeholders need information about their whitewater resources, including how often and when they can be paddled. The overall goal of this study, therefore, was to develop an analytical framework that quantifies boatable days, that is, the number of days that streamflow exceeds the minimum boatable flow levels needed to paddle downstream. Importantly, our framework uses publicly available streamflow and minimum boatable flow information that can be used to quantify boatable days for any whitewater run in the country, irrespective of watershed size or river flashiness. We applied the framework to three world-class whitewater rivers in the central Appalachian Mountains, USA, and found abundant and stable boating opportunities throughout the year. Our results underscore the potential for strategically developing whitewater recreation as a means of economic diversification and highlight how boatable days analysis can be used for quantifying whitewater resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aligning investments with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been a longstanding ambition for many private investors. The assessment of corporate impact on the SDGs is not a trivial task, and most present-day attempts often overlook SDG interactions, and lack scientific anchoring and transparency. We present an evidence-based review approach for investors to assess sector-level impacts on individual SDGs, and score these using a traffic-light system. Our initial review documents impacts of 81 economic sectors on SDGs 1-16. Results show that environmental SDGs are impacted negatively by most economic sectors, and that primary sector activities negatively impact the highest number of SDGs. Using the agricultural sector as a case, we draw on Causal Loop methodology to illustrate spillovers resulting from SDG interactions. Our findings point to three key considerations of relevance for sustainable investment strategies; the necessity to capture 'impact shadows', spillovers across SDGs, and the hierarchical nature of the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID 19 pandemic has exposed businesses to high uncertainty through a number of channels. While the magnitude of this economic disruption is much larger than the 2008–2009 global financial crisis, there are pertinent learnings from the latter which can accelerate the recovery envisaged after the current crisis. To identify that, in this paper, we analyse the determinants of firms' ability to maintain positive performance during an unexpected downturn. We do this by using a multinomial logit analysis on Italian automotive industry firm-level data covering the years before and after the 2008 financial crisis. The most significant results are that innovation and intangible assets play a key role in shaping the degree of firm ability to face external shocks. Our findings provide insights into solutions that have practical importance for companies pertaining to a mature industry like automotive. Learning from the economic downturn faced in 2008–2009, which we highlight in this study, can act as the first step into a green and sustainable recovery desired in the aftermath of the COVID 19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to assess the knowledge and frequency of use of statistics among professional roles from various businesses in different economic sectors in Ecuador. A tool was designed, based on the Guide for Evaluation and Instruction in Statistical Education and the Handbook of Statistical Methods by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which made it possible to analyze the aptitudes of different professionals in relation to the use of statistics along their enterprises from different economic sectors. The data was collected by interviews and surveys to 246 people working in factories around the country. For instance, the results showed around 75% of the commerce sector requires to be more trained in reliability techniques, unfortunately the expertise of the majority of the sample shows that this part of the statistics it not a strength. The results also showed a lack of knowledge of statistical topics among the different professionals according to their professional roles. This study suggests that there is a need and an opportunity to increase education and training in the use of statistics within professional roles in several businesses around Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the complexities of cost behavior in the textile industry, conducting a comparative analysis between firms in the Nordic countries and Spain. Our main goal is to examine how distinct economic and corporate governance models impact the cost management strategies of textile firms. Utilizing a panel dataset from the Orbis database covering the years 2017 to 2022, we reveal significant differences in cost stickiness between these regions. Notably, Nordic textile firms demonstrate a stronger tendency toward cost stickiness compared to their Spanish counterparts. This difference is largely attributed to the Nordic textile firms' more cautious approach to adjusting costs in response to decreases in revenue, potentially motivated by a commitment to sustainability, eco-friendly technologies, and long-term business success. Our analysis not only highlights the complex interaction between the global challenges confronting the textile sector and the unique economic and governance environments but also maps out how these elements shape cost management strategies. By offering insights to both academics and practitioners, this study advocates for a comprehensive cost management approach, capable of navigating demand volatilities and strategic complexities faced by textile firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on economic research, particularly in analyzing the effects of the virus on entire economies, specific sectors, and individual businesses. While there have been numerous studies on the pandemic's impact on the labor market, various economic sectors, and the environment, there remains a gap in research exploring the relationship between economics and linguistic aspects, such as language. Aim: The purpose of this article is to address this research gap by examining the connection between language and economics. Specifically, the authors focus on the influence of linguistic variables on economic categories. In this study, the authors adopt the perspective that language can affect economic activities and aim to analyze how the grammatical form used in communication influences the assessment of the effectiveness of economic policy. By exploring this aspect, the article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between language and economics. Results: Authors show that language may also be an essential framing instrument, while various grammatical moods affect the perception of messages that concern economic issues differently and are perceived differently depending on the level of identification with a given policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The private sector is part of the United Nations Global Compact, which promotes the voluntary participation of organizations to implement environmental care strategies. The purpose of this article is to examine the performance of Ecuadorian companies in regard to environmental management, especially in the fight against climate change, considering the economic sectors (manufacturing, mining, commerce, construction and services). Figures from the National Institute of Statistics and the Census of Ecuador (2020) are used, including descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations with Cramer's V index. The results show that approximately 5% of companies had the ISO 14001:2015 certification. In the seven actions against climate change considered, the proportion of companies that did not consider them to be current expenses predominated. Cramer's V index, for associating the economic sector and the environmental spend, revealed that certain economic sectors (manufacturing and mining) are contributing significantly to environmental management spending in the areas of air, soil, wastewater and waste treatment, while no economic sector dominates the others in areas such as radiation treatment, the use of mineral or energy resources and water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing drives major economic and workplace stability and growth, while a growing population drives the creation of jobs in all economic sectors. Generational behavioral dynamics affect the attitudinal adaptation to performance outcomes of industries. Many factors drive the country's behavioral perspective regarding career pathways and impact the decision to pursue a career in trades such as manufacturing. This proposal posits that a longitudinal exploration of the variables driving industry success such as training, motivation, job satisfaction, performance, and staffing will produce methods to support the current industry demands and onshoring effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey ranks among the top five olive oil-producing countries in the world, and the olive crop plays a crucial role in its economy, economically, environmentally, and socially. One of the primary challenges facing the agricultural sector is its profitability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the olive sector in terms of economic efficiency, to identify productive and organizational variables directly associated with higher economic efficiency. Data were obtained from 193 organizations in the sector. A dual methodology is employed, comprising Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and, subsequently, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The findings highlight the relevance of variables such as organization size, irrigation usage, focus on olive oil, or cultivation on sloping terrain as factors associated with a higher level of economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies (Routledge) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Succession in family businesses represents an important stage in the life of the company, but also of the family, the success of the process being linked to the family heritage. Transferring the business to the next generation is a complicated process that involves a careful analysis of all elements involved (family, management, ownership). These elements will undergo important changes following the succession process. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to address some specific issues related to the technology-based family business succession process in Romania from the last decade when family businesses reached the point of the first business transfer. Specifically, there is the following research question: (Q) What are the new succession strategies given the major changes in the economic sector in recent years? The findings can provide clarifications or even suggestions for the successful development of the succession process in technology-based family businesses in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is about the comparative analysis on the growth rate of imports and the growth rate of exports during 2009 to 2023. The foreign trade includes all of merchandise and service goods and it is administrated by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. India had an isolated economy before economic liberalization in 1991 because of high average tariffs--200 percent or more--and significant quantitative import restrictions. Since the liberalization, India's economy has improved mainly due to increased foreign trade. From 2009 to 2023 India saw a 323.05% of change in total foreign trade. India's foreign trade is estimated to cross 48 % of India's GDP for the fiscal year ending March 2023.India exports approximately 7500 commodities to about 190 countries, and imports around 6000 commodities from 140 countries. According to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the fifteen largest trading partners of India represent 61.67% of total trade by India in the financial year 2022-23 After analyzing the GDP data of Indian economy and India's export and import performances India's foreign trade is elevated even though it was affected in the COVID 19 period. As of 2023, India is the seventh largest exporter of commercial services in the world, accounting for 4.6% of global trade in services. Though the exports volume and values are increased, unfortunately India's share in the world's exports is still not up to the prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As mobile communications transform, 5G technology can potentially change many industries and businesses. The change will have a great influence across many fields, such as the automotive, healthcare, and manufacturing sectors. This paper aims to review the existing applications of blockchain technology in providing 5G network security and identify new possibilities for such security solutions. We consider different aspects of blockchain in 5G, particularly data transmission, access control, and applications including vertical industry-oriented applications and specific solutions supporting such sectors of economic activity. The paper briefly describes modern technologies in 5G networks and introduces blockchain's properties and different aspects of using such technology in practical applications. It also presents access control management with blockchain applied in 5G and related problems, reviews other blockchain-enforced network technologies, and shows how blockchain can help in services dedicated to vertical industries. Finally, it presents our vision of new blockchain applications in modern 5G networks and beyond. The new-generation networks use two fundamental technologies, slicing and virtualization, and attackers attempt to execute new types of attacks on them. In the paper, we discuss one of the possible scenarios exhibiting the shortcomings of the slicing technology architecture. We propose using blockchain technology to create new slices and to connect new or existing subscribers to slices in the 5G core network. Blockchain technology should solve these architectural shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to analyze the impact of innovation and enterprise performance in the transition countries with special emphasis in the case of Kosovo. The innovations play a crucial impact on firm development, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises in countries in transition. This study uses primary data with a specific sample thus the enterprises that operate in Kosovo in order to analyze the relationship between innovations and firm performance. This study was conducted within a six-month period, specifically January 2022 - June 2022. The research sample consists of 400 Kosovar enterprises. These enterprises are from different economic sectors, such as production, services, and in terms of size, 80% of them are SMEs. The study used the CDM (Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse) model which includes the fourth phase. The first phase of this model is about the tendencies of enterprises to carry out innovative activities, the second phase is about the enterprises that invested in research and development, the third stage of the model, the conversion of inputs into outputs is analyzed. In the end, the impact of innovation outputs on the performance of the analyzed enterprises is investigated. The study concludes that enterprises that export to the EU and the Western Balkans region are significant, so this positively affects the tendencies of these enterprises for innovative activities, whereas enterprises that are oriented only to the local market, do not present significance and even have a negative relationship with the enterprises' tendencies for innovations. A large part of the enterprises think that innovations have high costs and are even unaffordable therefore this represents a big obstacle for the development of innovations. The lack of qualified personnel and the lack of knowledge about markets and technology represent a big obstacle to the development of innovations, and it even negatively affects the decisions of these enterprises about innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the efficiency growth of advanced technology-generating sectors within the European Union (EU). Using a stochastic frontier analysis of annual sector-level panel data from 2000 to 2019, we examine sectoral (NACE two-digit level) and territorial implications. Our findings indicate that technological change was more intense in advanced technology-generating sectors than in other economic sectors, primarily driven by fixed capital investments. However, the impact of in-house research and development varied. Economic sectors such as pharmaceuticals and motor vehicles struggled to improve their production efficiency due to high competition and market specificity. A comparative analysis of EU economies showed a lower level of production efficiency in catching-up economies. Nevertheless, these economies contributed to the shift of the production possibility frontier in certain sectors on the EU level. Therefore, this study contributes to the ongoing scientific discussion on technological innovations in diverse territories, suggesting that less-developed economies could generate technological advancements in specific areas. We also discuss the implications for innovation and industrial policy actions. First published online 09 January 2024

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Kenyan dairy sector has economic potential to improve the welfare of rural households. However, the availability of feed resources, an essential input in dairy production, remains a significant constraint and is exacerbated by the effects of climate change. Using a sample of 665 dairy farmers from selected counties, this study assessed the determinants and impact of adoption of climate-smart feeding practices on milk productivity and output, dairy milk commercialization, and dairy and household income. The multinomial endogenous switching regression was used to account for self-selection bias from observable and non-observable factors. The study identified human and social capital, resource endowment, dairy feeding systems, the source of information about feeding practices, and perceived characteristics of these practices as factors that influenced the likelihood of adopting climate-smart feeding practices. The uptake of climate-smart fodder and feed concentrates together significantly increased milk productivity and output and dairy income. The uptake of climate-smart feed concentrates singly also increased dairy milk commercialization and household income. To facilitate the uptake of climate-smart feeding practices, pluralistic extension systems should be strengthened, practices made available, knowledge about climate change enhanced, and practice-oriented learning adopted. Further, the adoption of both climate-smart fodder and feed concentrates should be emphasized for improved household welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the shock spillovers between US sectors and their dependence on the intersectoral business linkages. Our forecast error variance decompositions reveal significant shock transmissions among trading sectors, especially in turbulent periods such as the financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. The dymamics of shock spillovers reflect the impacts of the pandemic on economic sectors. Shock spillovers are shown to be influenced by the strength of the intersectoral trading relationships. Shocks to a sector's important supplier have a strong impact on the forecast error variance of the sector's stock return. The total directional spillovers from/ to a sector are linked with the number of close commercial linkages between that sector and other sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KCERT 2050 is a modelling tool designed to assist in the identification and evaluation of synergies and trade-offs within sectoral decarbonization pathways for Kenya. KCERT 2050 is positioned as a user-friendly and dynamic tool that bridges complex energy systems and emissions models with integrated impact assessment tools, aimed at aiding decision making towards carbon neutrality in both public and private sectors. The tool considers greenhouse gas emissions from various economic sectors and is validated through a collaborative process involving experts from diverse backgrounds. This study uses KCERT 2050 to examine the prospects of achieving a net−zero emissions pathway by 2050. In the baseline scenario, a significant emission trajectory is observed, with the transport sector emerging as the largest contributor. Transitioning to the net−zero pathway reveals substantial reductions across key sectors, such as transport, industry, and land use, driven by strategies including electrification, waste reduction, and afforestation. The sensitivity analysis underscores the potential for emission mitigation through various levers, including land use optimization and the adoption of cleaner transportation modes. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the potential and feasibility of Kenya's ambitious net−zero emissions target. To attain this goal, it is imperative to prioritize sustainable land use and innovative waste management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction But by the end of the 20th century, most of the water resources have been exploited, and increasing the use of resources increases financial costs and environmental costs. Currently, water demand management is becoming important. The task of demand management is the physical storage of water and economic savings by increasing each product unit with less water and less water pollution. This management is possible through various policy measures. For example, we can refer to economic incentives to preserve water resources, price reform, and reduction of subsidies. Water prices transfer production costs to consumers, and setting appropriate tariffs is a powerful tool to manage consumption, improve allocation, and encourage the conservation of water resources. Pricing is recognized as an important tool to solve water shortage problems. It necessary to modify the pricing of agricultural water for developing countries and move towards sustainable agriculture. Pricing was considered to be one of the most important tools for demand management and it was suggested that the effects of implementing this policy should be investigated by authorities and policymakers in different regions. The results show that before implementing water policies, there is a need for a technical, economic, social, and environmental study based on sustainable development. As studies show, concerns about water scarcity are global and water price reform is essential. Because water is a basic input for production, modifying the price of water affects production costs and, as a result, the amount of production and economic variables. According to global concerns about water shortage and the geographical location of Iran, in this article, with the help of dynamic calculable general equilibrium models, the effect of water pricing in agriculture and industry sectors on macroeconomic variables has been seen. Materials and Methods In this study, dynamic general equilibrium models have been used. The data required to simulate the scenario proposed in this research is taken from the ninth version of GTAP-E. According to the research objectives, the regions are divided into Iran and the rest of the world. Economic sectors include agriculture, coal, oil, gas, industry, petrochemicals, electricity, water and services. Factors of production include skilled labor, unskilled labor, land, natural resources, and capital. In this study, two scenarios are defined. In the first scenario, an impact of 30 % on the price of water in the industrial sector is considered. In the second scenario, an effect of 30 % on the cost of water in the agricultural sector is considered. Due to the structure of the policy patterns, momentum from 2022 has been of interest for the next 10 years. Results and Discussion Pricing policy, like other forms of policy, seeks to achieve specific goals, the most important of which is economic welfare, which includes a number of different variables. Certainly, one of the main features of computable general equilibrium models is to specify the effect of shocks in economic models .Therefore, the achievement of the models estimated in this research is to determine the reaction rate of the targeted variables to the change in water price. Based on this, two scenarios have been defined in this research. In the first scenario, a 30 % increase in the price of water in the industrial sector, and in the second scenario, a 30 % increase in the price of water in the agricultural sector is considered .The obtained results showed that in the coming years, the effects of realizing the price of water in the industry and agriculture sectors on the economic welfare from 2022, from the numerical value of -87.11 to -1158.03 in 2032. Also, economic growth and investment also have negative effects .Changes in GDP growth in the country are almost equally affected by the price of water in two sectors. But gradually over time, the impact of the agricultural sector on the growth of GDP has increased. The change in the price of water affects all economic sectors and has caused a decrease in the production of these sectors. The production in the oil and gas sectors is such that when the production of the industry and agriculture sectors is affected due to the price of water, the oil and gas sectors will have the opportunity to produce more. Water pricing policy has an adverse effect on investment changes. Conclusion In this study, the 30 % water price shock in the agriculture and industry sectors has been considered. The results of the estimation of the model show that the effect of the increase in the price of water has strongly affected the growth of GDP and welfare and has significant negative effects on investment. The important point is that the negative effects of realizing the price of water are more in the agricultural sector than in the industrial sector. This means that by implementing the scenario of a 30 % increase in water price in the agricultural sector, economic welfare, production value and the amount of investment have had more negative effects than the increase in water price in the industry. This issue shows that in Iran's economy, the agricultural sector has a decisive role in the country's economy, regardless of its share in the total added value. Therefore, paying attention to the issue of pricing and inter-sectoral imbalances can provide a suitable basis for water policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study the role of e-commerce as an innovative solution for developing the Saudi economy by describing and analysing the extent to which electronic commerce contributes to the development of Saudi economic indicators and learning about the role of the Saudi government in supporting and developing the e-commerce sector. This development is due to the various types of support provided by the Saudi government to the e-commerce sector, which includes providing a good electronic structure, ensuring consumer rights, e-commerce platforms, enhancing consumer confidence in relying on e-commerce, and stimulating innovation through the Ministry of Commerce, the E-Commerce Council, the Maarouf platform and e-commerce law. Additionally, they learn about the challenges and obstacles facing them, as some individuals lack confidence in e-commerce transactions; fraud; spam; and misleading information about goods and services. Additionally, they are unfamiliar with some consumers using modern technology, such as e-commerce. Saudi Arabia is at the forefront of Middle Eastern countries in terms of the number of Internet users, the expansion of shipping and delivery options, and payment methods, in addition to identifying the types and advantages of these services. Statistical analysis tools such as simple linear regression will also be used. correlation coefficient. The coefficient of determination is used to measure the impact of e-commerce revenues on GDP and the impact of e-commerce revenues on total exports. The effect of e-commerce revenues on total imports. The impact of e-commerce revenues on the clothing and footwear sector. The impact of ecommerce revenues on the electronics sector. The impact of e-commerce revenues on the food and drug sector. The impact of e-commerce revenues on the furniture and home appliances sector. However, the results of the research showed that there is no correlation between e-commerce and GDP in the KSA. Despite the development witnessed in the field of electronic commerce, many Saudi companies have not kept pace with this development. Therefore, Saudi companies must work on finding innovative solutions to improve their business performance and improve the quality of their services and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]